The fix ended up being simple, and even logical, in hindsight.
The controls are dynamically added to the form, like so:
formCustCatMaint.Controls.Add(coName)
And so, replacing this line, in the loop:
For Each cntrl As Control In Me.Controls
…with this:
For Each cntrl As Control In formCustCatMaint.Controls
And this line, in the GetLabelTextForID() function:
For Each cntrl As Control In Me.Controls
…with this:
For Each cntrl As Control In formCustCatMaint.Controls
…did the trick. The controls are being found, and the code is working as designed/originally expected.
Nebenbei bemerkt, this also works fine now:
If TypeOf cntrl Is CheckBox Then
solved Why is this object reference supposedly not set to an instance of an object that has obviously been identified by the compiler?