Every application in android runs by default in a sandbox. Accessing system resources outside that is completely dependant on the permissions you explicitly provide in the application manifest. Exceptions are limited to the application usually, no further.
Uploading and running is no different than installing and un-installing application from the Play store, so no reason to worry there. Sure, there is the wear of the flash memory cells, but it is so minimal it isn’t worth mentioning.
Damaging a device on the hardware level is possible only if you are messing with system parameters such as clock speed, voltages etc. which I doubt you will. On the software level you may manage to corrupt some system files with some effort, but it will most certainly require root privileges and a certain know-how. Your previous Samsung handset may have been defective, but if you are so worried, you can always use an emulator like the one provided in the ADT Bundle.
In short, no, not really.
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solved will android development on device damage the device? [closed]