you declared the function:
int blit_image(char chemin[15],SDL_Surface *fenetre,int posx,int posy) {
So that that parameter #1 has 15 characters.
But when you call it, you call it with:
blit_image("resources/images/fondblanc.bmp",fenetre,0,0);
That filename is 31-characters by my counting, and will not fit into 15 characters.
I also added some printf-statements to your code which will help you figure out where it crashes.
You should continue to add more printf-statements until you narrow down the crash.
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solved why get I segmentation fault (core dumped) on compiling my code C (linux) [closed]