A dictionary maps strings to values.
An array maps integers to values.
That is about it!
So, seriously: in the end, both data structures map a “key set” to values. For dictionaries, the keys can of (almost) arbitrary type, without any constraint on them (besides being “hash able”). Whereas an array maps a consecutive range of ints to values.
From that point of view, arrays and dicts/maps are doing the same thing, but in the end, how you use them is very different.
And just for completeness: of course, the “underlying” similarity is that both are “containers”: objects that “own” multiple other objects.
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solved What are the Similarities between Dictionary and Array data types? [closed]