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The modulo operator, more or less, just gives you the remainder of the division. So:
12 % 4 = 0 since 12 / 4 = 3 remainder 0
Whereas, since 12 doesn’t divide 4:
4 % 12 = 4 since 4 / 12 = 0 remainder 4
For more information, see the Wikipedia article, or perhaps the Wolfram article.
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solved Modulo operation, why does 4 % 12 give the number 4?