You can get the select node and find all the options in the select node and get the html from those options.
var selectNode = $('select-selector');
var options = selectNode.find('option').toArray().map(function (o) { return o.outerHTML});
Edit as per suggestion from comment by Rory.
$.map(selectNode.find('option'), function(o) { return o.outerHTML; });
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solved How to get all the options from a select element in a list