You should be able to add a collider to the child/head, BoxCollider2D for example. Then you can handle the Collision event and call a method on the parent object.
It would look something like:
// In the child/head
void OnCollisionEnter2D(Collision2D col)
{
var goomba = transform.Parent.GetComponent<Goomba>();
goomba.Kill();
}
This is probably the simplest way, but I think there is a way to propagate collisions to the parent, can’t remember though.
Edit:
Apparently,
If you’re using a Rigidbody with the character, you can get this out of the box. 🙂
Found that in this answer: https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/151670/unity-how-to-detect-collision-occuring-on-child-object-from-a-parent-script
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solved How do i make a child game object affect the parent? [closed]